lesson5 （5）Back in the Day の復習

時代が変わるのは、テクノロジーの変化だけでなく、そこにいる人たちの変化にもよるんですね。高齢化だったり、海外からの新しい住人だったり。

気になる言い回し

・bug  = bother, annoy
  ex.It really bugs me when people crack their knuckles.
     I can't remember where I put that file, and it's been bugging me all the day.

・While we're on the subject of ～
　ex. While we're on the subject of marketing, I think we need to hire another stuff.

・used books
   cf. secondhand book, used book,
       previously owned (cars ,furniture etc)
         = pre-owned, like-new

・the key driver
   ex. Tourism is a key driver of our economy.
       Printer is the key driver of our sales revenue.

・inter  vs.  intra
    inter = ２つ以上の間
                   cf, international
　　intra = ひとつの中でのこと
　　　ex. A company might discuss ways to improve intra-group communication.
　　　　　　cf. intracompany (a,)

・interpreters  vs. translators
    interpreterは、spoken words ex.　simultaneous interpreter
    translatorは、spoken and written words

・heart specialist
  ears, nose and throats specialist

・strong demand for ～　　～への大きな（強い）需要

lesson5 （4）Back in the Day の本文復習

今回は、古い時代が懐かしいね、というストーリー。
いつになっても、40代ぐらいになるときっと皆そう思うんですね。

気になったフレーズ

・I was reminded the other day ～　　先日～ということに気付かされた

・Oh, brother.　　　　まあ！

・make the lond-distance call / make phone calls / make a local call

・automated phone-tree systems　　自動音声案内システム

・～、but not anymore.   　でも、もうそんなことはない。


N: Same goes for record stores. Simply saying "record store" makes me realize how antiquated the idea of a store where you buy recorded music is.

L: I was reminded the other day just how much things have changed when I left my apartment in a hurry and forgot my smartphone. When I got to the subway station, I remembered that I need to call a client in Boston ASAP to reschedule a meeting. When I realized that I'd forgotten my smartphone, I looked around frantically for a payphone.

B: Oh, brother. I can imagine how frustrating that must have been.

L: Was it ever. Payphones are definitely an endangered species. I eventually found one in an out-of-the way corner of the station. Luckily I was able to use my credit card to make the long-distance call. I used  to carry a bunch of quarters to make phone calls, but not anymore.

C: Quarters? I remember when it only cost a dime to make a local call.

B: You just dated yourself there.

C: Well, that seems to be the only kind of date I can get these days.
   Speaking of phones, one change I can't get used to is the replacement of telephone operators by automated phone-tree systems.

lesson5 （4）Back in the Day の復習

なかなか時間がとれず、いつもレッスンの４ぐらいからしか聞いていません。
継続は力なり、を信じて、少しずつやりたいと思います。
Endurance makes you stronger！


気になる言い回し

・same goes for ～　　～も同じである、についても同じことが言える
      ex. The regular employees are getting 5% raise. Same goes for the part-timers.

・antiquated (a)   古臭くなった、時代遅れの
　　　ex.The company really need to replace the antiquated computer system.
         The city is renovating its antiquated infrastructure.

・in a hurry    急いで

・ASAP　　発音 エイサップ、または、アルファベット読み
　　　cf.I need it yesterday.
         I want it yesterday. 　
      「できれば昨日欲しかった」ということで、同じ意味になる。
       
・was it ever    全くその通り
　　　ex. Was it busy yesterday?
          Was it ever. Nobody had time for lunch.
         
          Was Frank upset?
          Was he ever. He actually stormed out of the meeting.

・an endangered species   絶滅危惧種

・out-of-the-way corner  人目につかない片隅
　　　ex. This office is a bit out-of-the-way, so the rent is cheap.
          I like to eat quietly at out-of-the-way restaurants.

・Speaking of ～、
　　　cf. Speaking of computers, I need to get a new scaner for my computer at home.

・You just dated yourself there.  それであなたの年齢がばれましたね。
　　　cf. I'm going to date here, but ～　　年がばれるけど、～ですよ。
　　　　　This will date me, but at that time ～　　

挨拶「とうとうお会いできて、うれしいです」

◆It's nice to finally meet you in person.

You must be （人の名前）！と言われて、

「とうとう（直接）お目にかかれてうれしく思います。」

◆It was nice finally talking to you in person.

or 

It was nice finally talking with you in person.

ようやく直接お話しすることができて良かったです。（別れ際）

他の言い方：I'm happy(glad) I could finally talk with you in person.

　　　　　　I'm glad I was finally able to talk?

　　　　　　It was nice talking with you finally.

  　 ＊finally は、文末でもOK

◆Thank you for inviting me.

ご招待いただいて、ありがとうございます。

◆I appreciate Mr.〇〇 very much.

いつも、〇〇さん（〇〇部長）にお世話になっています。

（部長の奥さんに言っていたシーン）

lesson4 （4）Kindness and Corpotrations 本文復習

気になったフレーズ
・some businesses       businesses = 企業
・I think it's fair to say that ～　　　～と言っていいと思う
・pick up on (the idea of ～）　　　（～ということ）に気づく
・The way I see it,　   私が思うには
・for base commercial reasons  
                            さもしい商売上の理由で（基本的にコマーシャルの理由で）
・blow one's own horn/trumpet　= toot one's own horn/trumpet　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　自画自賛する、自己宣伝をする、自慢話をする、よく見せようとする
・To give you an example,    ひとつ例をあげると、
・local senior homes         地域の高齢者宅
・word-of-mouth effect from this simple campaign
                          　　　　　　　　　この地味なキャンペーンの口コミ効果
・go way beyond what they expected.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　期待したものをはるかに超えた
・a former teacher　恩師

P: True, some businesses are just grandstanding when they publicize their supposedly selfless contributions to the community.

But I think it's fair to say that more and more businesses have picked up on the idea of showing kindness to customers, suppliers and employees. And some prod their customers to do kind acts to others - things as simple as writing a thank-you note to a former teacher.

B: The way I see it, just because a company  draws attention to its contributions to the community or whatever doesn't invalidate those acts of corporate kindness.

P: I think that people can tell when a company is posing as a do-gooder for base  commercial reasons, as opposed to being genuinely motivated by the desire to give something back to the community or society at large.

G: Companies are doing more than blowing their own horn when it comes to the themes of kindness and caring. The image of kindness can be an effective marketing tool.

P: To give you an example, one restaurant chain sends out vouchers to customers chosen at random and delivers free hot meals to local senior homes. They've found that the word-of-mouth effect from this simple campaign has gone way beyond what they expected.

lesson4 （4）Kindness and Corpotrations の復習

企業と親切心というタイトルで、現代の企業の精神についてのディスカッションをしています。なかなか頭に入りにくい話題でした。

気になる言い回し

・grandstand（動詞）  スタンドプレーをする（スタンドプレーは和製英語）
cf. 名詞はgrandstanding
    political grandstanding, etc.
ex. The opposition party said cutting taxes are just grandstanding to win the vote.

・supposedly  ここは、「建前として」
「言われているところによると」「推定では」の意味もある。
　　ex. He was fired for supposedly falsifying resume.

・prod
ex. Her mother prodded her to go into medicine.

・The way I see it、　　私が思うには

・invalidate(V) / invalid (a.)
ex. Failure to pay by June 1st will invalidate the contract.

・pose as ～　　～のフリをする
ex. pose as his grandchild.

・do-gooder
空想的社会改良家、慈善家ぶった人

・for base commercial reasons,
  base・・・底にある、根底にある

・as opposed  to ～
ex. Karen is a little shy as opposed to Jenifer who is much bolder.

・chosen at random
ex. Winners will be chosen at random.
   = Winners will be chosen in a random drawing.
 
・word-of-mouth
ex. This restaurant has built up its clientele mostly through word-of-mouth. It cannot afford a lot of advertising.
ex. word-of-mouth effect

・at large （全体として）　　野放しで/逃亡しているの意味もある
ex. society at large （社会全体）

・voucher
1.証明書、証拠物件、保証人
2.領収書、証票、料金預かり証
3.無料のサービスや割引が受けられる券、割引券、商品引換券◆商店で一定金額以上の買い物をしたときにもらえる
ここでは３．

（彼を）家まで送ります。の英語／take とbringの違い

I'll take him home.   彼を家まで送ります。

I'll bring him home.　とも言うが、これだと、同じ家に住んでいるニュアンス。


●動詞　take と bring の違い

　・take は、連れて行くと言っても、自分から（または聞き手から）遠ざかるニュアンスがある
　・bringは、　自分（または聞き手）に近寄っていくニュアンスがある

　ex. I'll bring my kids to the park. と　I'll take my kids to the park.　の違い
        bring　だと、話し手はすでに公園にいて、自分とkidsが一緒に公園に向かう感じ
　　　　　　　　　　　＝そちらに向かう、というニュアンス
　　　 take  だと、これから出かける（聞き手は公園にいない）ニュアンスがある

私たちからのほんの気持ちです。の英語／プレゼントやお礼のものをあげる時

誰かにお礼にちょっとしたものを、複数の人であげるとき、
「私たちからのほんの気持ちです」の英語は、

●This is a little gesture of thanks from all of us.

　- gesture = ジェスチャー = 気持ちが外に出たもの

　cf. gesture = token,   token of thanks = 感謝のしるし

　＊a little と small の違い

     a little の代わりにsmallも可能だが、そうなると大きさのニュアンスが強い。
　　 a little だと、ちょっとした、ささやかな、というニュアンス。

　　　　ｃｆ. the little mermaid　（リトルマーメイド）とは言うが、
　　　　　  the small mermaid　は言わない。即物的でニュアンスがない。

esson3 （5）Healthy Aging 本文復習

気になったフレーズ
　・might very well be ～　～の可能性が高い
　・in her old age        高齢になって、年を取って
　・take up　～      ～を始める
　・pursuit　　　趣味・娯楽　　(more gentle pursuit 穏やかな趣味）
　・Studies show that ~  いろいろな研究によると
　・I'll be sure to ~  必ず～します


B:That's true. A friend of mine used to be a hardcore practitioner of Karate. But she had to give it up because of a series of nagging knee injuries, even though she's the type of person who takes pride in her ability to ignore physical pain.
 Her physician told her if she suffered more knee injuries when she fell to the mat, she might very well be unable to walk in her old age. That was a real wake-up call for her.

P: Good thing she didn't end up proving that pride goeth before a fall. But has she found a way to continue to be physically active?

B: yes, she's taken up more gentle pursuits, including hiking, yoga,swimming and social dancing.

C: Your friend certainly proves that getting older is no laughing matter.

L: Well, it actually is, you know.

C: Huh? What do you mean?

L: Studies show that people who have a healthy sense of humor stay younger longer. When you laugh, the number of tumor-killing cells in your bloodstream increases. And there's also research taht shows people who like a laugh are less susceptible to heart disease.

C: Interesting. That's a lesson I'll be sure to take to heart.

lesson3 （5）Healthy Aging の復習

年を取ることに関する英語って、知っているようで新鮮なフレーズが多いです。

気になる言い回し
・be a hardcore practitioner of Karate 　空手を本格的にやっていた
   cf.hardcore conservatives
      hardcore gourmet

・nagging しつこい、つきまとう
   ex. a series of nagging  knee injuries
      I have a nagging pain in my elbow.
・take pride in~  ～を自慢に（誇りに）思う、自負している
   ex.Jane takes great pride in her accedent-free driving.
      The company takes great pride in its employees' volunteer work.
   = pride oneself on (something)
      John prides himself on language skills.
・a wake-up call  （比喩的に）警鐘、警告
　　cf. a 8:30 wake-up call = morning call

・goeth = goの古い形　　cf.sayeth,  endeth
    Pride goeth before a fall.
　　　（高慢のあとに没落が来る＝奢れるもの久しからず）
　　Who sayeth that?

・susceptible to ~ ～にかかりやすい、影響を受けやすい
　　less susceptible to hacking (PCの話)
    Some people are more susceptible to temptation.
・take ~ to heart  ～を肝に銘じる、重く受け止める
　　He really took it to heart when his propose was rejected.
・no laughing matter = no joke

lesson3 （4）Healthy Aging 本文復習

年齢について、体について、おもしろい話しの展開です。

気になったフレーズ
　・It can also be ~　　それもまた～です。
　・as they get older　　　年を重ねるにつれ、
　・come naturally with old age　　高齢になれば自然と～になる
　・Getting back to ~　　　　～に戻ると
　・There comes a time when ~　　　～の時が来る


B: It can also be very hard for people to learn to relax as they get older.

L: Really? I thought that mellowing out came naturally with old age, along with comfy slippers and a rocking chair.

B: I guess it depends on the individual person. But some people find it tough to simply let go and relax. That's a shame, because besides making life miserable, stress can take years off your life.

L: Stopping smoking is another obvious way to live longer. Cutting down on drinking also helps, although researchers say one glass of wine a day can strengthen your heart.

C: I'll drink to that.

P: Getting back to exercise, sometimes it can be too much of a good thing. There comes a time when you need to give up vigorous activities that can jeopardize your ability to walk, see or hear in your senior years.

C: Right, exercise is important, but we shouldn't go overboard and hurt ourselves. We've got to take good care of ourselves and do things in moderation.

lesson 3 (4) Healty Agingの復習

高齢になることの話、おもしろいです。

気になる言い回し

・as they get older    年を重ねるにつれて

・mellow out        おだやかになる、気分が落ち着く

　　　　Having a glass of wine is a nice way to mellow out after work.

・comfy    = comfortable

     cf. roomy

            A new office has a roomy lunch area.            

・I guess it depends on the individual person.   人による。

・let go and relax　　　気を抜いてリラックスする

・That's a shame.      それは、気の毒なこと。

・besides ～　　　～の上に

        ex. besides making life miserable, 

・take years off your life

      cf. lose ours off your life

      ex. That took a year off my life.

      　　(大事なものを失くしたと思って、見つかった時に言える）

・another obvious way　　もうひとつの明確な方法

・cut down on = recude, decrease

   = cut back on

      cf. Company might cut down on electricity use.      

・I'll drink to that.   それはいい。賛成する。同意する。

                 　　　       (実際の乾杯にも言う）

・Gettinｇ back to ～　　～に戻ると

・too much of a good thing

      ex. （専門家や素晴らしい人が1つのプロジェクトに多くい過ぎたときに）

      　　It was too much of a good thing. They all have specific ideas and
　　　　　don't compromise.

          （レストランでたくさんの料理と、たくさんのワインを飲んだときに）

          It was way too much of a good thing. I had a stomachache.

          

・jeopardize = put ~ in jeopardy

      ex. She jeopardized her career by pleasureing another writer's work.

          Budget cut put this project in jeopardy.

・go overboard

      ex. He went a little overboard in his presentation. He didn't need
　　　　　15 different charts.      

・in moderation 

      ex. Eating chocolate is fine, but in moderation.

          I let my son play video games in moderation.

    　　★お酒なら・・・適度に          

・in your senior years　　　高齢期に

・vigorous activities      激しい運動

lesson2（5）Vertical Farming本文復習

意見の言い方など、参考になりますねー！

気になった単語、フレーズ
・They're especially down on～　特に～を批判する
・I can see another important factor in this equation.
・face the prospect of ~ ing     見通しに直面する
・improving fortunes   ←   improve one's fortunes（運勢を好転させる）


P:They're especially down on indoor vertical farms, because the high-energy consumption due to grow lights can cancel out the environmental or financial  benefits of eliminating transportation 
costs.

C:I can see another important factor in this equation: as the world's population increases, we face the  prospect of running out of arable land. Vertical farming could be the answer to that problem.

P: You can also view the vertical farming boom in the broader context of American agribusiness's improving fortunes. Grain prices have risen, and so farmers have more money to spend on seeds, combines, fertilizers and other basics. And with today's ultra-competitive job market, that's making many recent college graduates take a serious look at a career in agribusiness.

M:I didn't realize that getting dirt under your fingernails had become a viable career option for young Americans.

U: There's evidence of this trend in Japan too. One major consumer electronics company that's in a serious business slump has found a new application for its energy-efficient LED lights: growing strawberries in the Persian Gulf to meet demand for that fruit in the Middle East.

C: I guess farming is a growth business all over the world these days.

lesson2（5）Vertical Farmingの復習

気になる言い回し
・be down on　　　～を責める、つらくあたる (=be critical of)
　　cf. get me down  がっかりする
　　　　　It really gets me down when I accidentally erase the file.
・cancel out    相殺する、無効にする
　　The money he saves by renting a cheap apartment is canceled out by his spending on clothes.

・run out of ~      ～が不足している、切らしている
     We run out of paper in the printer. We need some more.
     The report is not perfect but I've run out of time, I need to turn it in today.

・agribusiness
 agri biz
   cf. show business, show biz,
       education business, ed biz
・ultra-competitive job market
   cf. ultra-low interest rate
       ultra-small computers
・take a serious look at　　　　　～に真剣なまなざしを向ける、真剣に検討する
　　　One of my friends is taking a serious look at retiring in Arizona.

・get dirt under on's fingernails = get one's hands dirty
      Our boss doesn't mind getting his hands dirty. He packed boxes.
・a new application      新しい活用法
　 cf. She is applying her writing skills to improve her company's website.
・a growth business　　成長ビジネス
      I'll bet online on-demand video is a growth business.

・high-energy consumption   大量のエネルギー消費
・eliminating transportation costs    移送費用の削減
・arable land （発音 エラブル）　　　耕作地　（冠詞無し）
・the answer to that problem　　　その問題への答え
・view ~ in the broader context     ～をより広い状況でとらえる
・other basics      他の必要品
・job market        雇用市場
・college graduates      大卒者
・a career in agribusiness　　　アグリビジネスの仕事
・a viable career option 　　有望な進路のひとつ（選択肢）
・one major consumer electronics company     ある大手家電メーカー
・in a serious business slump   深刻な業績不振の




　

lesson2（4）Vertical Farming本文復習

とても英会話に役立つやりとりです。質問の仕方とか、参考にしたいなー

気になった単語、フレーズ
・a buzzword          流行語、流行の言い方、（もったいぶった）専門用語
・amid increased interest in ~　　～への関心が高まる中、
・As I telling people, ずっとみんなに言っているように
・the vital matter of ~  ～という重要な問題
・food security         食糧安全保障
・the future is local   これからは、地元ですよ
・Are there other cities in the U.S. where～？　～している他の都市はありますか？
・The trend has caught on (= become popular) to the extent that ~（文章）
                             流行は広がっていて、～するぐらいになっている
・Returning to your point about ~  ～というあなたの話に戻ると
・use pesticides        農薬を使う
・Not if ~                ～でないなら、違う（いらない）
・the farms are indoors　　農園が屋内にある (indoors = adverb)
・What's their productivity like?   生産性は、どのくらいですか？
・one vertical farming proponent claims (that ~)
                           垂直農法の提唱者のひとりは、～と言っている（主張している）
・can have around 20 crops a year, compared to just two r three on a conventional farm.              従来の農園のわずか２，３回に対して、1年に約20回の作物を収穫できる
・critics think ~   批判している人たちは、～と思っている
・the vertical farming trend is just that  (that はtrend）
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　垂直農法の流行は、ただの流行
・attention-getting design fad   人目を引く（派手な）構想の一時で着流行
                     


P: Locavore has been a buzzword in the last few years amid increased interest in environmental sustainability.
   As I keep telling people, the future is local - especially when it comes to the vital matter of food security.

C: Are there other cities in the U.S. where the vertical farming trend is catching on?

P: Yes, they're sprouting up all over the place.
    In fact, the trend has caught on to the extent that a company in upstate New York is doing a booming business selling equipment to vertical farmers all over the U.S. and in many other countries as well.

C: Returning to your point about environmental sustainability, do vertical farmers need to use pesticides?

P: Not if the farms are indoors.
   That means their produce gets the organic seal of approval.

M: What's their productivity like?

U: Well, one vertical farming proponent claims a well-run farm can have around 20 crops a year, compared to just two or three on a conventional farm.

P: But critics think the vertical farming trend is just that - an attention-getting design fad that won't put down roots in the long run.

lesson2（4）Vertical Farmingの復習

気になる言い回し
・when it comes to ~　～に関しては、～となると
    - Vivian is not good when it comes to public speaking.
    - Company X is the best when it comes to the laser printers.

・catch on　人気をはくす、流行する　=become popular
    - This new social media site has really caught on among teenagers.
    - A new product just didn't catch on among consumers.

・sprout up 　急成長する
　　cf. mashroom (V) 雨後の竹の子のように増える
　　bean sprout もやし

・to the extent that ~    ～の程度まで
   =so much so that
    - She's obsessed with social media to the extent that she's secretly posting at work.
    - He's been late a lot to the extent that he might get fired.

   = as much as
    - I'm surprised this product is so odd to the extent that it did.

・upstate New York　NY北部
     - a company in upstate NY
　　- upstate Washington
     - upstate Nevada
    *downstate　=  辞書にあるがcommonではない（あまり使わない）

・do a booming business = business is booming 　商売が繁盛している
     - Business is booming at that new restaurant. The waiting list is 3 weeks long.

・get the organic seal of approval　お墨付きを得る(give で、お墨付きを与える）
    - A new marketing plan has gotten the board seal of approval.
    - Consumers have given the new tablet computer their seal of approval with strong sales right from the start.

・put down roots　根をはる、定着する
    - He's put down some serious roots taking out a big loan to buy a house.

・in the long run　長い目で見れば、長期的には
    - LEDs are more expensive than conventional bulbs but save money in the long run.

・vertical farmers 垂直農法
  vertical farming　垂直農園経営者

・locavore　ロカボア（地元産の食材だけを食べる人）